Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

3S技术在古日格斯台自然保护区研究中的应用

利用"3S"技术对古日格斯台自然保护区植被类型的空间分布进行了分析,绘制了古日格斯台自然保护区植被图,讨论了其生态多样性和脆弱性,以此作为植被监测与管理的依据,进而对古日格斯台自然保护区的植被进行有效的保护.     

太湖藻类状况分析

对太湖藻类发生的内因、外因作了阐述，就有关的环境因子与藻类的关系作了相关分析，对太湖藻类的监测工作提出了建议。     

综合治理太湖刻不容缓

太湖水资源状况与和长江三角洲的经济发展关系极大。多年来，人为对太湖资源的破坏使本来就很脆弱的生态环境不堪重负。应尽快建立有权威的管理机构，制定高起点，高标准，高科技，高效益的综合开发治理总体规则，使太湖明珠重放光彩。     

东胜区水环境保护及污水资源化分析

本文介绍了东胜区水资源及水环境概况,在实地调研并以环境技术检测数据为依据分析了该区水环境存在的问题;结合城区经济发展和资源现状,提出该城区实现污水资源化的观点并论证了其现实性和可行性;提出了东胜区推进污水资源化,保障水资源可持续利用的政策措施.     

太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾春夏两季沉积物扰动下BAPP的转化规律

采用室内模拟试验研究了沉积物扰动下上覆水中可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)的变化规律,并分析了BAPP与悬浮物中内源磷间的内在联系.试验用沉积物分别于春季和夏季采自太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾.结果表明,沉积物扰动降低了上覆水中生物有效磷(BAP)含量,降至初始状态的40%左右.BAPP也明显降低,其占BAP的百分比稳定在50%左右,梅梁湾春季除外.扰动状态下颗粒态磷(PP)生物有效性显著降低,第12h时,BAPP占PP的百分比仅为10%左右;这与悬浮物中NH₄Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的降低明显相关,但其与 (AAP+NH₄Cl-P)占Tot-P的百分比相关性更好[r=0.565(n=48)].这暗示,沉积物扰动可能延缓了水体富营养化发展进程.     

东胜区三台基水库水质细菌的鉴定

为了初步探索环境微生物的快速测定法,提升应对微生物污染突发事件的能力,本文运用美国BD公司的细菌鉴定系统对东胜区三台基水库水质细菌进行了鉴定。结果共鉴定出6种细菌,其可信度分别为95.7、99．1、94．3、98．7、98．5、和99．2。结果表明该系统快速、准确、可靠,可以作为环境微生物分类鉴定和微生物污染突发事件应急监测的依据。     

Variation of low molecular weight organic acids in precipitation and cloudwater at high elevation in South China

To investigate the sources and chemical behaviors of carboxylic acids in Southern China, precipitation and corresponding cloudwater samples were collected in an acid rain-prone area of Mount Heng. The carboxylic acid levels in the samples were measured, and the concentration patterns were evaluated with respect to temporal and seasonal variations. Formic and acetic acids were predominant among the carboxylic acids identified for both precipitation and cloudwater. Most of the organic acids in the precipitation had a clear seasonal pattern, reaching higher levels during the warm season; these higher levels were attributed to the stronger source strength of biogenic emissions during this season. The cloud–fog samples did not display a similar trend. A distinctive diurnal pattern in carboxylic acids was only observed in the precipitation samples during the warm season. In cloud–fog, the ratio of formic to acetic acid differed considerably with time, with these values varying little in the precipitation samples. This result indicates that the organic acids in precipitation originate consistently from primary sources throughout the entire period, while those in cloud are mainly associated with direct emissions in the earlier stage and with secondary sources in the later period.     

湖泊型水源地管理研究——以苏州市太湖水源地为例

饮用水安全是最大的民生工程，也是自然资源管理研究的热点。基于实地调研、部门访谈和制度条文的梳理与分析，以苏州市太湖水源地为例研究湖泊型水源地管理体制。研究表明：我国水源地管理由国家、省、市、县的法律法规、规章和规范性文件构成相对完善的制度体系，具有水资源和水环境分割管理、流域管理和行政区管理交错的制度特征，初步具备了综合管理的架构；水源保护缺乏流域管治的思维，农村面源污染治理制度支撑不足；在管理手段上以命令控制型手段为主，经济激励与公众参与不足。建立水源地综合管理协调机制，完善经济激励手段，推进公众参与，实施水源地管理共同责任机制将有利于提高水源地管理效率     

太湖五里湖底泥污染特性研究

五里湖是太湖污染最严重的水域。为对其治理提供依据,在该湖区设置了4个采样点,对底泥的表层样、柱状样、间隙水样和上覆水体作了重金属和营养盐分布测试,并作了数据统计分析。结果表明：以地积累指数评价,五里湖底泥的重金属污染程度为轻度,总体可达到《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）三级标准,根据超出背景值的倍数分析,五里湖重金属含量顺序为Cu>Cd>Pb>Hg>As>Cr。重金属含量表层（0～5 cm）相对较低,第二层（5～10 cm）和第三层（10～20 cm）是主要的污染沉积层,这与底泥沉积特征是相对应的。表层底泥总氮、总磷和有机质含量较高并具有明显的相关性,相关系数介于0.757 6～0.862 2之间,显示了污染物质的同源性。表层底泥和间隙水中营养盐含量明显高于湖水,相对于湖水呈可释放状态,是湖体内源污染之一。